The Benin Kingdom—an historical perspective The era of Portuguese monopoly:

1. First contacts
2. The beginning of trade
3. The island trade and the first mission
4. The resumption of royal trade
5. The end of Portuguese monopoly: the second mission English and Dutch beginnings:
6. The English
7. The Dutch The Capuchin missions:
8. Spanish missionaries
9. Italian missionaries The Dutch at Ughoton:
10. Trade in the main river (1650-1700)
11. Establishment at Ughoton
12. Trade and conflict
13. Efforts to diversify trade
14. European rivals and Dutch decline
15. We’re here because we’re here The slave-trade era:
16. English and French in the mid-eighteenth century
17. Landolphe’s enterprise in the main river
18. The last years of the slave trade British encroachment:
19. Trade and the flag in the Benin River
20. The first consular visit to Benin
21. Retreat into the heartlands
22. The growth of commercial and consular pressures
23. The Protection Treaty of 1892
24. The dispute over trade
25. Consul-General Moor’s campaign against Benin
26. The massacre and punitive expedition