the environmental setting: geology relief and drainage, climate, vegetation, soils, disease as an element in the Nigerian environment; the human pattern: the pattern of population, racial and cultural groups; the agricultural economy: subsistence and internal exchange economies, distribution of some of the major subsistence crops, the livestock economy, peasant export production, plantation production, new ways for old in Nigerian peasant farming; forest resources; mining and industry: mineral production, industry; transport: railways, road transport, ports, Inland waterways, air services, other transport forms; public and social services: water supply, electricity, medical services, education, postal and similar communications, maps; the future.